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Lesson 2 of 112

Volitional form (〜う / 〜よう) "let's / I shall"

ikou-kei (u / you)

By Nihongo PathUpdated

Meaning

Plain equivalent of 〜ましょう: "let's", "I'll", or an inner resolve.

The volitional form is the plain (casual) version of 〜ましょう. 行こう means "let's go" when you say it to someone, and "I'll go / I think I'll go" when you say it to yourself. It expresses the will to act. It is also a building block: 〜ようと思う (I think I'll…), 〜ようとする (try to…) and 〜ようか (shall we…?) are all built on it.

Casual invitations between friends and family (帰ろう = let's go home), decisions you make in your head (早く寝よう = I'll go to bed early) and on signs or slogans (守ろう、交通ルール). In polite speech the same idea is 〜ましょう.

Formation

V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.

  • Group 1: change the last う-row sound to the お-row and add う: 書く→書こう, 行く→行こう, 話す→話そう, 待つ→待とう, 飲む→飲もう
  • Group 2: drop る and add よう: 食べる→食べよう, 見る→見よう, 起きる→起きよう
  • Group 3: する→しよう, 来る→来よう (こよう)
  • Polite equivalent: 〜ましょう; question: 〜ようか / 〜ましょうか

Visual diagram

行く / 食べる / する / 来る

dictionary form

  1. + u-row → o-row + う行こうGroup 1: let's go
  2. + -る → -よう食べようGroup 2: let's eat
  3. + する → しようしようGroup 3: let's do
  4. + 来る → 来よう来よう (こよう)Group 3: let's come

Natural examples

  1. 一緒に帰ろう。

    いっしょに かえろう。

    Let's go home together.

    Said to a friend: an invitation, the casual version of 帰りましょう.

  2. 明日は早く起きよう。

    あしたは はやく おきよう。

    I'll get up early tomorrow.

    Said to oneself: a resolution, "I'll…".

  3. 疲れたから、少し休もうか。

    つかれたから、すこし やすもうか。

    I'm tired, so shall we rest a bit?

    〜ようか asks "shall we…?" gently.

  4. 今日は天気がいいから、公園でお弁当を食べよう。

    きょうは てんきが いいから、こうえんで おべんとうを たべよう。

    The weather is nice today, so let's eat our lunch in the park.

    Group 2 verb: 食べる → 食べよう.

  5. もう遅いから、続きは明日にしよう。

    もう おそいから、つづきは あしたに しよう。

    It's late already, so let's leave the rest for tomorrow.

    する → しよう. 〜にしよう means "let's make it / decide on".

Similar grammar and the difference

  • 〜ようと思う

    Adds と思う to the volitional to report an intention ("I think I'll…"). The bare volitional is a decision or invitation spoken out loud. Compare side by side

  • 〜ようとする

    Volitional + とする means "try to / be about to do" and is about an attempt, not an invitation. Compare side by side

  • 〜ましょう / 〜ませんか

    〜ましょう is the polite volitional. 〜ませんか ("won't you…?") is a softer invitation that leaves the choice to the listener.

Common mistakes

  • ✗
    一緒に食べろう。
    ✓
    一緒に食べよう。
    Why
    Group 2 verbs take よう, not ろう. 食べろう does not exist (食べろ is the imperative).
  • ✗
    先生、一緒に行こう。
    ✓
    先生、一緒に行きましょう。
    Why
    The plain volitional is casual. To a teacher or a customer, use 〜ましょう or 〜ませんか.
  • ✗
    来年、日本へ行くうと思います。
    ✓
    来年、日本へ行こうと思います。
    Why
    Change 行く to the お-row first (行こ), then add う. Adding う directly to the dictionary form is wrong.

Alone, the volitional is casual. It is fine among friends and in your own thoughts, but not to superiors. 〜ようか (帰ろうか?) makes a soft suggestion, like "shall we head home?". Slogans and campaign posters use it to include everyone: 守ろう、地球の環境 (Let's protect the earth's environment).

JLPT N4 tips

On the exam

  • Conjugation questions often list 行こう / 行ける / 行かれる / 行けば. Before choosing, identify the ending you need: お-row + う = volitional.
  • In 文法形式, the volitional rarely stands alone. Check what follows the blank: と思う, とする, か, or nothing. If と思う or とする follows, the volitional (not the dictionary form) is required.

Frequently asked questions

What does Volitional form (〜う / 〜よう) "let's / I shall" mean?

Plain equivalent of 〜ましょう: "let's", "I'll", or an inner resolve. The volitional form is the plain (casual) version of 〜ましょう. 行こう means "let's go" when you say it to someone, and "I'll go / I think I'll go" when you say it to yourself. It expresses the will to act. It is also a building block: 〜ようと思う (I think I'll…), 〜ようとする (try to…) and 〜ようか (shall we…?) are all built on it.

How do you form Volitional form (〜う / 〜よう) "let's / I shall"?

Group 1: change the last う-row sound to the お-row and add う: 書く→書こう, 行く→行こう, 話す→話そう, 待つ→待とう, 飲む→飲もう / Group 2: drop る and add よう: 食べる→食べよう, 見る→見よう, 起きる→起きよう / Group 3: する→しよう, 来る→来よう (こよう) / Polite equivalent: 〜ましょう; question: 〜ようか / 〜ましょうか. V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.

When is Volitional form (〜う / 〜よう) "let's / I shall" used?

Casual invitations between friends and family (帰ろう = let's go home), decisions you make in your head (早く寝よう = I'll go to bed early) and on signs or slogans (守ろう、交通ルール). In polite speech the same idea is 〜ましょう.

What is the difference between Volitional form (〜う / 〜よう) "let's / I shall" and 〜ようと思う?

Adds と思う to the volitional to report an intention ("I think I'll…"). The bare volitional is a decision or invitation spoken out loud.

What is the difference between Volitional form (〜う / 〜よう) "let's / I shall" and 〜ようとする?

Volitional + とする means "try to / be about to do" and is about an attempt, not an invitation.

What is a common mistake with Volitional form (〜う / 〜よう) "let's / I shall"?

Wrong: 一緒に食べろう。 Right: 一緒に食べよう。 Group 2 verbs take よう, not ろう. 食べろう does not exist (食べろ is the imperative).

Quick check

1 / 5Multiple choiceDifficulty 2 of 5

疲れたね。ちょっとここで(  )か。