Volitional form (〜う / 〜よう) "let's / I shall"
ikou-kei (u / you)
By Nihongo PathUpdated
Meaning
Plain equivalent of 〜ましょう: "let's", "I'll", or an inner resolve.
The volitional form is the plain (casual) version of 〜ましょう. 行こう means "let's go" when you say it to someone, and "I'll go / I think I'll go" when you say it to yourself. It expresses the will to act. It is also a building block: 〜ようと思う (I think I'll…), 〜ようとする (try to…) and 〜ようか (shall we…?) are all built on it.
Casual invitations between friends and family (帰ろう = let's go home), decisions you make in your head (早く寝よう = I'll go to bed early) and on signs or slogans (守ろう、交通ルール). In polite speech the same idea is 〜ましょう.
Formation
V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.
Group 1: change the last う-row sound to the お-row and add う: 書く→書こう, 行く→行こう, 話す→話そう, 待つ→待とう, 飲む→飲もうGroup 2: drop る and add よう: 食べる→食べよう, 見る→見よう, 起きる→起きようGroup 3: する→しよう, 来る→来よう (こよう)Polite equivalent: 〜ましょう; question: 〜ようか / 〜ましょうか
Visual diagram
行く / 食べる / する / 来る
dictionary form
- + u-row → o-row + う行こうGroup 1: let's go
- + -る → -よう食べようGroup 2: let's eat
- + する → しようしようGroup 3: let's do
- + 来る → 来よう来よう (こよう)Group 3: let's come
Natural examples
一緒に帰ろう。
いっしょに かえろう。
Let's go home together.
Said to a friend: an invitation, the casual version of 帰りましょう.
明日は早く起きよう。
あしたは はやく おきよう。
I'll get up early tomorrow.
Said to oneself: a resolution, "I'll…".
疲れたから、少し休もうか。
つかれたから、すこし やすもうか。
I'm tired, so shall we rest a bit?
〜ようか asks "shall we…?" gently.
今日は天気がいいから、公園でお弁当を食べよう。
きょうは てんきが いいから、こうえんで おべんとうを たべよう。
The weather is nice today, so let's eat our lunch in the park.
Group 2 verb: 食べる → 食べよう.
もう遅いから、続きは明日にしよう。
もう おそいから、つづきは あしたに しよう。
It's late already, so let's leave the rest for tomorrow.
する → しよう. 〜にしよう means "let's make it / decide on".
Similar grammar and the difference
Adds と思う to the volitional to report an intention ("I think I'll…"). The bare volitional is a decision or invitation spoken out loud. Compare side by side
Volitional + とする means "try to / be about to do" and is about an attempt, not an invitation. Compare side by side
〜ましょう / 〜ませんか
〜ましょう is the polite volitional. 〜ませんか ("won't you…?") is a softer invitation that leaves the choice to the listener.
Common mistakes
- ✗
- 一緒に食べろう。
- ✓
- 一緒に食べよう。
- Why
- Group 2 verbs take よう, not ろう. 食べろう does not exist (食べろ is the imperative).
- ✗
- 先生、一緒に行こう。
- ✓
- 先生、一緒に行きましょう。
- Why
- The plain volitional is casual. To a teacher or a customer, use 〜ましょう or 〜ませんか.
- ✗
- 来年、日本へ行くうと思います。
- ✓
- 来年、日本へ行こうと思います。
- Why
- Change 行く to the お-row first (行こ), then add う. Adding う directly to the dictionary form is wrong.
Alone, the volitional is casual. It is fine among friends and in your own thoughts, but not to superiors. 〜ようか (帰ろうか?) makes a soft suggestion, like "shall we head home?". Slogans and campaign posters use it to include everyone: 守ろう、地球の環境 (Let's protect the earth's environment).
JLPT N4 tips
On the exam
- Conjugation questions often list 行こう / 行ける / 行かれる / 行けば. Before choosing, identify the ending you need: お-row + う = volitional.
- In 文法形式, the volitional rarely stands alone. Check what follows the blank: と思う, とする, か, or nothing. If と思う or とする follows, the volitional (not the dictionary form) is required.
Frequently asked questions
What does Volitional form (〜う / 〜よう) "let's / I shall" mean?
Plain equivalent of 〜ましょう: "let's", "I'll", or an inner resolve. The volitional form is the plain (casual) version of 〜ましょう. 行こう means "let's go" when you say it to someone, and "I'll go / I think I'll go" when you say it to yourself. It expresses the will to act. It is also a building block: 〜ようと思う (I think I'll…), 〜ようとする (try to…) and 〜ようか (shall we…?) are all built on it.
How do you form Volitional form (〜う / 〜よう) "let's / I shall"?
Group 1: change the last う-row sound to the お-row and add う: 書く→書こう, 行く→行こう, 話す→話そう, 待つ→待とう, 飲む→飲もう / Group 2: drop る and add よう: 食べる→食べよう, 見る→見よう, 起きる→起きよう / Group 3: する→しよう, 来る→来よう (こよう) / Polite equivalent: 〜ましょう; question: 〜ようか / 〜ましょうか. V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.
When is Volitional form (〜う / 〜よう) "let's / I shall" used?
Casual invitations between friends and family (帰ろう = let's go home), decisions you make in your head (早く寝よう = I'll go to bed early) and on signs or slogans (守ろう、交通ルール). In polite speech the same idea is 〜ましょう.
What is the difference between Volitional form (〜う / 〜よう) "let's / I shall" and 〜ようと思う?
Adds と思う to the volitional to report an intention ("I think I'll…"). The bare volitional is a decision or invitation spoken out loud.
What is the difference between Volitional form (〜う / 〜よう) "let's / I shall" and 〜ようとする?
Volitional + とする means "try to / be about to do" and is about an attempt, not an invitation.
What is a common mistake with Volitional form (〜う / 〜よう) "let's / I shall"?
Wrong: 一緒に食べろう。 Right: 一緒に食べよう。 Group 2 verbs take よう, not ろう. 食べろう does not exist (食べろ is the imperative).
Quick check
疲れたね。ちょっとここで( )か。