〜かねる / 〜かねない
kaneru / kanenai
By Nihongo PathUpdated
Meaning
かねる: cannot (politely, it's difficult to) / かねない: might well (do something bad)
These two look like a pair but mean different things. 〜かねる (positive form) means "I cannot / it is difficult for me to…", a polite, formal way to refuse: お答えしかねます – I'm afraid I can't answer. 〜かねない (negative form) means "might well…", used only for bad possibilities: 事故を起こしかねない – it could well cause an accident. In other words, かねる is a soft "can't", while かねない is a worried "might".
かねる: formal business and customer-service language (〜いたしかねます), written notices. かねない: written and spoken, in warnings and worries (news, editorials, cautioning a friend). Neither is casual.
Formation
V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.
Verb (ます-stem) + かねる → cannot, hard to (polite refusal)Verb (ます-stem) + かねない → might well (bad result)Polite forms: 〜かねます / 〜かねませんSet phrases: 見るに見かねて (unable to stand watching), 決めかねている (unable to decide)
Visual diagram
| Aspect | Meaning | Feeling | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| 〜かねる | cannot / find it hard to | polite reluctance; the speaker declines | その件はお答えしかねます (I'm afraid I can't answer that) |
| 〜かねない | might well / could easily | worry; a bad outcome is possible | 無理をすると病気になりかねない (if you overdo it you could get sick) |
Natural examples
申し訳ありませんが、その質問にはお答えしかねます。
もうしわけありませんが、そのしつもんにはおこたえしかねます。
I'm sorry, but I'm unable to answer that question.
Standard polite refusal.
どちらにするか、まだ決めかねている。
どちらにするか、まだきめかねている。
I still can't decide which one to choose.
あんなに働いていたら、病気になりかねない。
あんなにはたらいていたら、びょうきになりかねない。
Working that hard, she could well get sick.
Warning of a bad possibility.
そんな発言は誤解を招きかねません。
そんなはつげんはごかいをまねきかねません。
A remark like that could easily cause misunderstanding.
彼なら、そんなひどいこともやりかねない。
かれなら、そんなひどいこともやりかねない。
Knowing him, he might well do something that awful.
Similar grammar and the difference
"There is a risk of" – formal, close to かねない but a bit more objective. Compare side by side
"Hard to (believe, forgive)" – emotional impossibility, not a polite refusal. Compare side by side
〜にくい
"Hard to do" physically or practically (読みにくい). かねる is about the speaker's reluctance or position.
〜かもしれない
Neutral "might"; かねない is only for bad outcomes and sounds more worried.
Common mistakes
- ✗
- いい結果になりかねない。
- ✓
- いい結果になるかもしれない。
- Why
- かねない is only for undesirable outcomes. A good result cannot take かねない.
- ✗
- この漢字は読みかねる。(intending: this kanji is hard to read)
- ✓
- この漢字は読みにくい。
- Why
- Practical difficulty uses にくい. かねる expresses the speaker's reluctance or inability due to position.
- ✗
- お答えできかねます。
- ✓
- お答えしかねます。/お答えできません。
- Why
- Do not stack the potential form with かねる; use the plain ます-stem + かねる.
かねる is the standard polite refusal in customer service: 承りかねます, いたしかねます, 応じかねます. かねない is often paired with 〜と / 〜たら conditions: このままでは〜かねない. Because かねない is negative in form but positive in meaning ("might"), read it carefully in 読解.
JLPT N2 tips
On the exam
- In 文法形式の判断, check the outcome: bad and possible → かねない; polite inability → かねる. If the sentence is a refusal in business language, かねます is the answer.
- Distractors for かねない: 恐れがある (needs dictionary form + 恐れがある, so check attachment), に違いない, わけがない. Distractors for かねる: がたい, にくい, 得ない.
- The attachment is the ます-stem for both: 決めかねる, なりかねない. An option with the dictionary form (なるかねない) is wrong.
Frequently asked questions
What does 〜かねる / 〜かねない mean?
かねる: cannot (politely, it's difficult to) / かねない: might well (do something bad). These two look like a pair but mean different things. 〜かねる (positive form) means "I cannot / it is difficult for me to…", a polite, formal way to refuse: お答えしかねます – I'm afraid I can't answer. 〜かねない (negative form) means "might well…", used only for bad possibilities: 事故を起こしかねない – it could well cause an accident. In other words, かねる is a soft "can't", while かねない is a worried "might".
How do you form 〜かねる / 〜かねない?
Verb (ます-stem) + かねる → cannot, hard to (polite refusal) / Verb (ます-stem) + かねない → might well (bad result) / Polite forms: 〜かねます / 〜かねません / Set phrases: 見るに見かねて (unable to stand watching), 決めかねている (unable to decide). V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.
When is 〜かねる / 〜かねない used?
かねる: formal business and customer-service language (〜いたしかねます), written notices. かねない: written and spoken, in warnings and worries (news, editorials, cautioning a friend). Neither is casual.
What is the difference between 〜かねる / 〜かねない and 〜恐れがある?
"There is a risk of" – formal, close to かねない but a bit more objective.
What is the difference between 〜かねる / 〜かねない and 〜がたい?
"Hard to (believe, forgive)" – emotional impossibility, not a polite refusal.
What is a common mistake with 〜かねる / 〜かねない?
Wrong: いい結果になりかねない。 Right: いい結果になるかもしれない。 かねない is only for undesirable outcomes. A good result cannot take かねない.
Quick check
申し訳ございませんが、ご希望には応じ( )。