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Lesson 24 of 200

〜かねる / 〜かねない

kaneru / kanenai

By Nihongo PathUpdated

Meaning

かねる: cannot (politely, it's difficult to) / かねない: might well (do something bad)

These two look like a pair but mean different things. 〜かねる (positive form) means "I cannot / it is difficult for me to…", a polite, formal way to refuse: お答えしかねます – I'm afraid I can't answer. 〜かねない (negative form) means "might well…", used only for bad possibilities: 事故を起こしかねない – it could well cause an accident. In other words, かねる is a soft "can't", while かねない is a worried "might".

かねる: formal business and customer-service language (〜いたしかねます), written notices. かねない: written and spoken, in warnings and worries (news, editorials, cautioning a friend). Neither is casual.

Formation

V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.

  • Verb (ます-stem) + かねる → cannot, hard to (polite refusal)
  • Verb (ます-stem) + かねない → might well (bad result)
  • Polite forms: 〜かねます / 〜かねません
  • Set phrases: 見るに見かねて (unable to stand watching), 決めかねている (unable to decide)

Visual diagram

かねる vs かねない
AspectMeaningFeelingExample
〜かねるcannot / find it hard topolite reluctance; the speaker declinesその件はお答えしかねます (I'm afraid I can't answer that)
〜かねないmight well / could easilyworry; a bad outcome is possible無理をすると病気になりかねない (if you overdo it you could get sick)

Natural examples

  1. 申し訳ありませんが、その質問にはお答えしかねます。

    もうしわけありませんが、そのしつもんにはおこたえしかねます。

    I'm sorry, but I'm unable to answer that question.

    Standard polite refusal.

  2. どちらにするか、まだ決めかねている。

    どちらにするか、まだきめかねている。

    I still can't decide which one to choose.

  3. あんなに働いていたら、病気になりかねない。

    あんなにはたらいていたら、びょうきになりかねない。

    Working that hard, she could well get sick.

    Warning of a bad possibility.

  4. そんな発言は誤解を招きかねません。

    そんなはつげんはごかいをまねきかねません。

    A remark like that could easily cause misunderstanding.

  5. 彼なら、そんなひどいこともやりかねない。

    かれなら、そんなひどいこともやりかねない。

    Knowing him, he might well do something that awful.

Similar grammar and the difference

  • 〜恐れがある

    "There is a risk of" – formal, close to かねない but a bit more objective. Compare side by side

  • 〜がたい

    "Hard to (believe, forgive)" – emotional impossibility, not a polite refusal. Compare side by side

  • 〜にくい

    "Hard to do" physically or practically (読みにくい). かねる is about the speaker's reluctance or position.

  • 〜かもしれない

    Neutral "might"; かねない is only for bad outcomes and sounds more worried.

Common mistakes

  • ✗
    いい結果になりかねない。
    ✓
    いい結果になるかもしれない。
    Why
    かねない is only for undesirable outcomes. A good result cannot take かねない.
  • ✗
    この漢字は読みかねる。(intending: this kanji is hard to read)
    ✓
    この漢字は読みにくい。
    Why
    Practical difficulty uses にくい. かねる expresses the speaker's reluctance or inability due to position.
  • ✗
    お答えできかねます。
    ✓
    お答えしかねます。/お答えできません。
    Why
    Do not stack the potential form with かねる; use the plain ます-stem + かねる.

かねる is the standard polite refusal in customer service: 承りかねます, いたしかねます, 応じかねます. かねない is often paired with 〜と / 〜たら conditions: このままでは〜かねない. Because かねない is negative in form but positive in meaning ("might"), read it carefully in 読解.

JLPT N2 tips

On the exam

  • In 文法形式の判断, check the outcome: bad and possible → かねない; polite inability → かねる. If the sentence is a refusal in business language, かねます is the answer.
  • Distractors for かねない: 恐れがある (needs dictionary form + 恐れがある, so check attachment), に違いない, わけがない. Distractors for かねる: がたい, にくい, 得ない.
  • The attachment is the ます-stem for both: 決めかねる, なりかねない. An option with the dictionary form (なるかねない) is wrong.

Frequently asked questions

What does 〜かねる / 〜かねない mean?

かねる: cannot (politely, it's difficult to) / かねない: might well (do something bad). These two look like a pair but mean different things. 〜かねる (positive form) means "I cannot / it is difficult for me to…", a polite, formal way to refuse: お答えしかねます – I'm afraid I can't answer. 〜かねない (negative form) means "might well…", used only for bad possibilities: 事故を起こしかねない – it could well cause an accident. In other words, かねる is a soft "can't", while かねない is a worried "might".

How do you form 〜かねる / 〜かねない?

Verb (ます-stem) + かねる → cannot, hard to (polite refusal) / Verb (ます-stem) + かねない → might well (bad result) / Polite forms: 〜かねます / 〜かねません / Set phrases: 見るに見かねて (unable to stand watching), 決めかねている (unable to decide). V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.

When is 〜かねる / 〜かねない used?

かねる: formal business and customer-service language (〜いたしかねます), written notices. かねない: written and spoken, in warnings and worries (news, editorials, cautioning a friend). Neither is casual.

What is the difference between 〜かねる / 〜かねない and 〜恐れがある?

"There is a risk of" – formal, close to かねない but a bit more objective.

What is the difference between 〜かねる / 〜かねない and 〜がたい?

"Hard to (believe, forgive)" – emotional impossibility, not a polite refusal.

What is a common mistake with 〜かねる / 〜かねない?

Wrong: いい結果になりかねない。 Right: いい結果になるかもしれない。 かねない is only for undesirable outcomes. A good result cannot take かねない.

Quick check

1 / 7Multiple choiceDifficulty 2 of 5

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